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1.List the sequence of events resulting in the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon. Locate on a map and date the major territorial acquisitions of the United States between 1803 and 1853.
2.Describe the typical emigrant and three motives leading to the decision to migrate to the Far West.
3.List four ways in which white emigration affected the livelihood of Plains Indians.
4.Explain the terms of the Laramie Council agreements and assess their impact on red-white relations.
5.Contrast the experience of Mexican-Americans in Texas, New Mexico, and California.
6.Discuss the United States's policies toward the Plains Indians, placing those events in the context of Indian-white relations until the early 1850s.
7.Compare and contrast opportunities on the mining and farming frontiers.
8.Analyze the role of men and women on the Overland Trail.
9.Explain four proposals for dealing with the territories acquired in the Mexican War and the four provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
10.Describe the breakdown of political parties in the early 1850s, explaining the disappearance of old parties and the emergence of new ones.
11.Outline the course of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and how it affected politics and sectional animosities in the mid-1850s.
12.Explain America's expansionist interest in Latin America.
13.Show how the events in Kansas in 1855 and 1856, the Dred Scott case, the emotional events of 1859-1860, and the election of Lincoln led to the secession crisis and the outbreak of the Civil War.
14.Describe the differing cultural values of the South and North and each section's view of the other, and explain how these cultural differences helped lead to civil war.
15.Explain the development and significance of each of the four causes of the Civil War, citing four or five specific examples for each.
16.Evaluate the four causes, indicating which ones (or one) you think were most significant in explaining why the North and South went to war in 1861.
2. A typical emigrant would be a person who moves from there netive country to another country. Like if you was from Austria and you was moving to the United States you would be a emigrant. Three motives for moving far west would be adventure, new land, and to search for wealth.
1. List the sequence of events resulting in the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon. Locate on a map and date the major territorial acquisitions of the United States between 1803 and 1853.
1803 - Louisiana Purchase (France)
Texas Independence:
1836 - Battle the Alamo Battle of Jacinto Texas declares independence from Mexico
Annexation of Texas:
1845 - The term "Manifest Destiny" is coined by John Sullivan. Texas is admitted to the Union. The United States sends soldiers to the Rio Grande.
Mexican-American War:
1846 - Mexico declares war on the United States United States declares war on Mexico and seizes Santa Fe Dispute over Oregon Territory is settled in a treaty with Great Britain.
1847 - Attacks on Veracruz and Mexico City Mormon escape religious persecution and move to Utah
1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe (Mexico)
California:
1849 - The California Gold Rush begins. Thousands of people from all over the world arrive at California to find gold.
1850 - California is admitted to the Union
Misc.
1853 - Gadsden Purchase
I just made this beautiful map:
-- Edited by Charlene on Tuesday 17th of November 2009 06:47:54 PM
#2: A typical emigrant was a farmer of middle or lower class in society.During the mid-1800's thousands of families and single men motives for journeying out west was for new land to grow cotton or other crops, in search of wealth and a "fresh" start.
13. Show how the events in Kansas in 1855 and 1856, the Dred Scott case, the emotional events of 1859-1860, and the election of Lincoln led to the secession crisis and the outbreak of the Civil War.
Events in Kansas 1855-1856: Supporters of slavery and abolitionists began to clash. Many violent encounters began in 1856 because of the slavery debate. Mobs began attacking all businesses and individuals who supported the abolitionist side of the debate, while abolitionists began attacking proslavery settlements. Eventually, Kansas turned into a place of constant conflict, crops were burned, fights broke out in the streets, home were destroyed, etc. This division of abolitionist and supporters of slavery proved important in the begining of the secession crisis and eventually the Civil War.
Dred Scott Case: The Dred Scott case determined that slaves do not have rights, even it they are in free states because they are simply, "property." This enraged the Northerners because it alluded to the fact that, under this ruling, slavery might be permissible in free states and also shows that the powers supporting slavery were joining together in a conspiracy to extend slavery. The ruling of this case raised many more questions about the legal and ethical side of slavery and increased the divide between the North and the South.
Events of 1859-1860: In late 1859, John Brown lead a raid of Harper's Ferry, Virginia in hopes of inspiring slaves in the upper South to band together and revolt. The South reacted irrationally, fearing a wave of slave revolts lead by slaves inspired by John Brown or Nat Turner, and began punishing all people who expressed abolitionist sentiments or those who were Southern Unionists. The South began to officially fear a "black republican" uprising against slavery. These fears further alienated the South from the North.
Lincoln's Election: The election of Lincoln represented the election of a "northern president" (who was an abolitionist) as well as a breakdown of the part system and was the final straw in the seperation of the North and South. Soon after the election, South Carolina seceded from the Union with the other Southern states following suit.
#14 The north and the Souths cultural values differed in certain ways. For Example, the Norths values basically involved factories manufacturing goods like cotton that was shipped up north from the south. Also the north was mainly anti slavery therefore completely disagreeing with the fact of enslaving African Americans. The south on the other hand was completely opposite to that of the north. The Souths values consisted of major productions of cotton which was sent to the north then shipped out to other countries to earn money for the United States. Also the south the majority of the citizens were pro slavery meaning they were all for it. These different values helped the civil war from not being avoided because they were completely different especially on the topic of slavery. The north believed it was completely wrong and immoral were the south disagreed and said we cant function with out slavery. This is what helped the civil war be one of the greates wars in American History.
#9 - Explain four proposals for dealing with the territories acquired in the Mexican War and the four provisions of the Compromise of 1850. Four Proposals: 1- Wilmont Proviso > A proposal to end slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico. 2- Free Soil > An idea of preventing the spread of slavery into the territories. 3- Northwest Ordinance > A compromise that stopped slavery from the Upper Midwest 4- Missouri Compromise > An act that prevented slaveholders from taking their property into the territories of the Ubitd States.
Four Provisions:
1-Gold miners rushing to California in search of gold. This urged California to be a state. Many feared that it would unbalance the free states and the slave states.
2- Not knowing what to do with Mexico in the Southwest. It unresolved the boundary lines between Texas and Mexico.
3- Slavery existing, becoming the largest slave market in North America.
4- Southerners refusing the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. They urged for an act that would end the protection of runaway slaves fleeing to Canada.
16. evaluate the four causes, indicating which ones(or one) you think were most significant in explaining why the north and south went to war in 1861.
the four causes are......................lead to the war in 1861
north wanted total abolition of slave
south wanted to keep harboring slaves for profit
The most significant reason that lead to the north and south to war in 1861, was primarily about whether slaves were to be freed by complete abolision or keep them as property to maintain profit, were constant disputes based on slavery to be abolished or not.
11. Outline the course of the kansas Nebraska Act and how it affected poltics and sectional animosities in the mid 1850's.
The Kansas Nebraska Act
- Replaced the missouri compromise - Establishedpopular sovereignty - Created oppertunities for mid eastern transcontinental railroad. - Northerners opposed popular sovereignty - Made missouri compromise meaningless and opened up the possibility of slavery in western states.
Bleeding Kansas - Proslavery groups from missouri crossed into Kansas to vote illegally and elected a proslavery goovernemnt. - Small arguments and fights occured killing about 200 people in a few months.
Buchanan gains victory - wins election in 1856
Senator Steven Douglas introduced bill that would divide the territories of missouri into the territories of kansas and Nebraska.
Kansas Nebraska act passed on May 30, 1854.
This affected politics and sectional animosities because it cause trouble between the north and the south. Many Northerners were unhappy that it replaced the Missouri Compromise and this cause disputes regarding slavery and the transcontinental railroad.
#12 - Explain Americas expansionist interest in Latin America.
The interest America had on the expansion through Latin America ,was the resources that the territories had to offer and the belief that if Americas government has determination to aquire territories west , this means more power for America. The establishment of mixed backrounds symbolized the international setting within which American expansion occured.Several European nations helped shape charcter and timing of westward emigration around 1815 even though individual settlers might not recognize the large forces affecting the experiences . Spain held most of the trans mississippi west , with native people living there as well. Americans slowly made there way to the west , as fur business attracted american traders and trappers to Oregon and a decade later to the Rockies.On the Pacific , many New England traders carryed sea otter skins to China and anchored there way in the harbors of Spanish California in the early nineteenth century.Through the conflicts , wars , presidancy , and debates between states and territories , americans automatically called on familiar ideas to jusity expansion. During the 1840's, 1850s , and 1860's, thousands of Americans left their homes for the West.Settlers increaslingly moved to the west and most emigrants began to follow in the Americas. Americas expansionist interest in Latin America , was the basic want of having a powerful country with more territories added.
-- Edited by Kellyman on Tuesday 17th of November 2009 03:35:51 PM
14. Describe the differing cultural values of the South and North and each sections view of the other and explain how these cultural differences helped lead to civil war.
Because of differing values on slavery, government and character, sectional differences were created between Southern and Northern states which would in turn lead to civil war. In the mid 19th century, many Northerners possessed nationalistic views much similar to those of Senator Seward. Northerners believed in no slavery as well as equality for workers and moral control over people such as temperance. They also practiced the ideology of supporting government action to promote industrial growth, immigration, foreign trade protected by tariffs, as well as the expansion of railroads and free Western farm homesteads. Northerners were referred to as Yankees and viewed their neighbors in the South as “wild beasts” who were uneducated, lawless and immoral. Southerners responded with views of Northerners of being coarse, ill-mannered, aggressive and materialistic. Southerners admired English customs such as chivalry and viewed themselves as courteous, hospitable and refined. They believed in slavery, and in contrast to the North, supported a small government which protected the freedoms of free people. These differences would eventually lead to civil war because Southern views of government, such as a state’s right to nullify federal law, as well as views on slavery, would clash with those of the North, creating a non-compromising atmosphere for both regions.
-- Edited by Justin BRAGA on Tuesday 17th of November 2009 04:35:53 PM
#3. List four ways in which white emigration affected the livelihood of Plains Indians.
1. The whites hunted the Indians' buffalo which was one of the Indians’ main sources of food in the winter. This caused the tribes to attack each other for food.
2. Whites traveled across Indian land so much during the 1849 gold rush they caused it to become a like wasteland.
3. Diseases carried by the whites killed thousands of Indians.
4. Whites took Indian land and made boarders for the Indian tribes to stay in. (Sound Familiar?)
Q: Discuss the United States's policies toward the Plains Indians, placing those events in the context of Indian-white relations until the early 1850s.
The Indian - White relations that existed up until the early 1850s reflected America's governmental policies. Tensions ran high between many natives and westward migrants. The Indian Nations of the plains lived differently than those had back east. Their relations with one another were more competitive and therefore they were unable to unite. However, still disbanded, they posed a threat to westward migration. They were considered a hinderance in the American belief of the American citizen's right to expand and populate from coast to coast. The natives didn't have a place in America's vision of Manifest Destiny. The government wanted more land, naturally because with more land came more power and wealth. American migrants' own motives helped in expanding the nation. They wanted a new beginning and so gave weight to the words of Manifest Destiny (a phrase often used in all levels of government, both federally and stately). On The "Native American Land Cessions in 1840" map (located on page 450 of your textbook) you can see the American people as well as the government representing them got closer to their dream (completion of westward expansion). 1810 marked the beginning of American government recieving land cessions from the Plains Indians. It only took 80 years for the native tribes of the plains to lose all of their land, some of which was never formally ceded. (The gold rush of '49 also caused large quantities of people to migrate west, to make it big; and again natives were pushed out of the way with no afterthought as to what might become of them.) Some peaceful relations did exist but it was rare they lasted long. White settlers had little to no regard for the peoples who had peacefully existed in the lands they sought and so by force pushed them as far west as possible and nearly to the natives' complete extinction. The governmental policies of the U.S. show what American intentions were and how they operated; they may befriend other nations at first and of they do not get recieve what they seek, almost immediately, than they take it by force.
13- Many events led to the seccesion crisis and the outbreak of the civil war. Some reasons are, the events that took place in Kansas in 1855-1860, Dread Scott case, the emotinal even of 1859-1860, and the election of Abe Lincolhn. In Kansas in 1855-1856 was where bleeding Kansas took place. This was John Brown and other abolishnest went to kansas and brutialy murdered slave owners. Which made southern slave owners furious and they became worrysome of there procteciton from northern abolishnest. The Dred Scott descion said that anyone of African decesnt could not be a citizen in the U.S. This showed the South unwanting to realse there slaves and caught alot of backlash from the north and its abolishnest. The last thing that caused the civil war and the secesion of souther states was the election of Abe Lincohln in 1860. This was a cause ebcause the south thought they had 0% cahnce to being able to keep there slaves because of linchon and thouhgt it would be better to create there own confederation than be apart of a counrty that they didnt feel put there priorotes first.
#11 The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, proposed by Stephen Douglass, dealt with the organization of the Nebraska territory into states. The issue of slavery was the major point in American politics during the mid 1850’s and the balance of free states vs. slave states was of paramount importance. The act would allow states in that territory to choose for themselves whether to allow slavery or not, which divided the Whigs and Democrats, the North and South, and abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates, and formed new parties out of the ruins of others. Stephen Douglass proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill initially to plan for a new transcontinental railroad which would go through the Nebraska territory. However, in an attempt to build up support for a bid at the presidency, he advocated popular sovereignty to organize the territory into slave or free states, which was meant to draw Southern supporters; as an advocate of the Compromise of 1850, Douglass already had northern support. However, his plan cost him much support as northerners, prominent among them Frederick Douglass, criticized the act as a plan to expand slavery into areas formerly restricted by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Many Northerners, the free-soilers, believed that the act would lead to a country of slave despotism and was an enemy to free labor, even stating that it was “of gross violation of a sacred privilege; as a criminal betrayal of our rights.” All northern Whigs, most southern Whigs, and most northerners in general voted against the act. Abolitionists were also fervently in opposition. Of course, the South, composed of many slaveholders, was in almost in complete agreement with the terms of the act since it would essentially nullify the Missouri Compromise. If people could determine for themselves whether to form a free or slave state, then slaveholders could move into the new territories quickly in order to create a majority at the polls, which was what occurred in Kansas. The slaveholders had the most to benefit from the passage of the act, the opening of a vast area to slavery, and so they gave their full support to the bill, voting 23-2 in favor in the Senate. Democrats and Whigs made great attempts to sidestep the issue of slavery around the 1850’s in order not to offend possible voters. The lack of a true issue drove many Americans away from the polls and a decreasing interest in politics ensued. Once the topic finally came to prominence in the debates over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, sectional differences split the Democrat and Whigs parties. Southern Democrats were mostly in support, while northern Democrats opposed. Whigs, with the exception of seven southern ones, voted in opposition. The great differences inside each party led to the creation of third parties, like the Know Nothings and Republicans, and ultimately meant the demise of the Whig party. Slavery was the greatest problem facing America before and during the 19th century and this act acted as a propellant to push the nation closer to war. Hostilities emerged between rival groups, split by irreconcilable differences. Though popular sovereignty seemed like a good choice by placing more power in the people’s hands, anything other than stopping the spread of slavery angered Northerners, abolitionists, and Whigs. Southern Democrats, slaveholders, and the South all held views in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
How do you make paragraphs here? Wall of text hurts the eyes.
-- Edited by tony on Tuesday 17th of November 2009 07:40:55 PM
-- Edited by tony on Tuesday 17th of November 2009 07:41:53 PM
8). Analyze the role of men and women on the Overland Trail.
The life of the family on the Oregon required the cooperative role playing of both the husband and the wife. Each had a conventional role to fulfill and for the most part neither men nor women deviated from their traditional roles. This was caused by the necessities of their lives. As a practical matter women were confined to their traditional roles of homemaker and caretaker of the children their lives remained strongly connected to the routines of life on the farm, women were in charge of the domestic routines in camp just as they were back home. Women adopted these traditional roles because it was understood that a pregnant woman with several other children to care for could not take on a role that would take her too far from the comfort of home. It was also necessary for the men to fulfill his roles and plow the fields, milk the cows, hunt and raise the animals that could later be sold to buy that which could not be produced at home.
5. Contrast the experience of Mexican-Americans in Texas, New Mexico, and California.
Mexican-Americans interpreted events from the 1820s to steal Texas. The annexation of Texas humiliated Mexico, causing their government to increase it's power. Many Americans who married into California families also took in Mexican citizenship. When 1500 emigrants went over to California in the 1840s, a Mexican outpost was decreasing.
(5) Contrast the experience of Mexican-Americans in Texas, New Mexico, and California.
The experiences of Mexican-Americans in Texas, New Mexico and California were different in many ways. Most Americans that emigrated to Texas were originally from the south. 15,000 white settlers and 1000 slaves headed west to texas. Mexico wanted the new settlers to convert to roman catholicism but most settlers did not convert. Some emigrants did not follow Mexican laws. The emigrants to New Mexico were different to that of Texas. Americans went to texas and took over that had been owned by peasant farmers, and stock raisers. Some new mexicans created contracts with the new whites on there land to keep their land. Mexican-Americans in california intermarried with mexicans. The population of california grew the most because of the discovery of gold. American emigrants took land from mexicans. Mexican and american relations were difficult because they ended up fighting for land. These are the ways that experiences of mexican-americans in texas new mexico and california contrast.
#16.) Evaluate the four causes, indicating which ones (or one) you think were most significant in explaining why the North and South went to war in 1861.
Four causes: 1. Licoln's neutrality in the issue of slavery expansion 2. Expansion of slavery? 3. Providing arms for only Ft. Sumter 4. the South's sucession from the Union
I think the most significant was the issue of slavery. It has been the same issue for years and it's been constantly ignored. Now the states are taking action.
1. List the sequence of events resulting in the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon. Locate on a map and date the major territorial acquisitions of the United States between 1803 and 1853. Oregon: 1811: Oregon started attracting US fur trappers 1818: Treaty on joint US-British occupation 1819: Transcontinental Treaty, Spain ceded this territory to the US 1827: delayed settling the boundaries for Oregon 1846: Oregon Treaty is signed and the dispute between Great Britain and the US is resolved. The US receives the land between 54th, 40th and 49th parallel.
Texas: 1821: Mexico’s independence 1821: Stephen Austin leads Americans to settle in Texas 1830: Texas abolishes slavery By 1835: Almost 30,000 Americans had migrated to Texas 1836: Battle of San Jacinto won Texas’s independence 1836: Texas’s independence 1837: Opposing annexation of Texas petitions poured into Congress by northerners 1845: Texas is admitted into the Union 1846-1848: Mexican-American War because of the annexation of Texas into the Union
California: Late 1830s: The US started having interest in California 1845: America attempts to buy Upper California, fails 1848: California Gold Rush begins 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed with Mexico; US receive present day California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming 1850: California is admitted into the Union
New Mexico: 1845: America attempts to buy New Mexico, fails 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed with Mexico; US receive present day California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming 1853: Gadsden Purchase, US bought part of present day New Mexico and Arizona for 10 million
7. Compare and contrast opportunities on the mining and farming frontiers. -Americans emigrated westward all for the same motive; to become rich with opportunity and money. -The most common motives included gold for the miners, to become merchants and shopkeepers, to spectualte the land and selling them for a profit, and the possibilty of professional rewards for doctors or lawyers. -They wanted to cultivate the land, believe emigrating would bring them good health, or for religious or cultural endevors.
-People cultivated the land many times before settling down in one place if they belived that the certain place would not bring them fortune. -The farmers were always looking for better land that could make them rich. -Families emigrated to the west for farming much more common than miners although both emigrating miners and farmers were young for the most part. -Farming communites grew slowly and were extremely small with not many opportunites other than starting your own community and selling crops for profit. -Mining cities' population grew rapidly and there were opportunities for many different types of jobs in the cities. -Farming communites had isolated residents and the community grew gradually. -Mining cities and towns had rapid growth but were short lived due to shallow mines. -Gold ran out quickly but farming had vastr amounts of empty land that were available to be cultivated. -In both farming and mining, few individuals struck it rich unlike their intentions but profited the region and nation.
#3 List four ways in which white emigration affected the livelihood of Plains Indians.
1. Disease- Whites moving West through the plains carried along various sicknesses with them such as; smallpox, influenza, measles, chicken pox, typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery, scarlet fever, diphtheria, bubonic plague and cholera, also paving the path for an alarming rise in death of the Native American people, killing an unjustifiable amount. To the isolated Plains Indians, the diseases that many Whites had become immune too, were killing thousands instantly and fear was all that lingered beneath the eyes of the Native American people.
2. Disrespects for the land of the Plains- Leaving permanent devastation in the White’s path of eventual Plain destruction, the Plains Indians felt as if their beloved land was being brought up in shambles. The nature, soil, grass, and animals; especially buffalo, were disrespected by the White settlers and with the arrival of their wagons, also brought complete invasion of the land that had forever been the home of the Native Americans.
3. Conversion- Not only were the Native American people fearful of the settlers, but many set out the goal of converting tribes to a religion, such as Christianity. As unwelcome by most as the White people were to begin with, missionaries joined the route out West through the Plains for the sole purpose of converting the Native Americans. Majorities of other settlers had little to no regards for the respect of the tribal people and were either terrified or ruthlessly aggressive in the act of encountering a Native American person.
4. Pride and Honor- When the White settlers made their advancements to the Plains and started expanding further out of the original colonies of the Atlantic coast, the Native American people were stripped of their dignity. Becoming practically defenseless due to the fact that the White groups had highly advanced weapons and an immense number of followers that would shortly arrive, most Plains Indians did all they could do to protect the land, while other tribes even naively welcomed the newcomers.
To defend their land and people were the goals of Plains Native Americans and other tribes in different regions of the continent, but due to the mass emigration of the Whites, livelihood of the Indians ultimately dwindled down dramatically.
After doubling in size after a war with Mexico, the United States became enraptured by expansion. Hoping to extend the idea of Manifest Destiny abroad, many men and women began to push for the government to start trying to gain lands in Latin America. This growing sentiment was perfectly exemplified by this quote in a Philadelphia newspaper, “East by sunrise, West by Sunset, North by the Arctic Expedition, and South as far as we darn please.”
Many of Pierce’s southern diplomatic appointees strove to uphold this creed, most were plantation owners, interested in expanding the cotton industry into the Latin American lands. After Gadsden failed to obtain as much land as many men wanted form Mexico, it inspired men to take matters into their own hands, illegally. In the 1850’s Texans and Californians staged dozens of raids, or “filibusters” into Mexico. One iconic filibuster was William Walker, a petite man from Tennessee. In 1853 Walker lead raids on Baja California, with roughly 300 men, and appointed himself president of the Republic of Sonora. After being tried, he was ultimately acquitted of any wrongdoing. Barely two years later, he invaded Nicaragua, where he yet, again appointed himself dictator and legalized slavery. With some aid by the British, the Nicaraguans removed Walker from power, and the U.S. Navy came to rescue him. In 1860, he staged a last ditch attempt in Honduras, where he was killed by a firing squad.
Pierce, evidently was unfazed by these acute failures, and set his eyes on Cuba. It seemed a logical step by many people, it was a small Spanish territory easy to overtake, and was connected by alluvial deposits to the Mississippi River. Polk offered Spain 10 million dollars for Cuba, but Pierce eventually upped the price to 130 million. A draft to secure relations with Cuba was created, but was met by fury by the North and only furthered in severing the Democratic Party.
-Lincoln being elected into office -The big dispute between free and slave states about te expansion of slavery -The actions of some radical abolitionists and the growing movement of abolition itself (John Brown) -State rights vs Federal rights
I believe that the most important cause was the actions of radical abolitionists. For example, John Brown's attacks on the southern slave owners created tension between the North and South, triggering the full exposer of the huge differences between the the free and slave states about the issue of slavery.
